Bodily autonomy is irrelevant here. As a sane adult patient you're always free to decline treatment. You're also welcome to ask your providers for any data they can legally release. But in reality most providers simply don't have the data you're looking for and have no incentive to give it to you even if they did have it. Then if you need care what are you going to do?

You have hit upon the core problem though. Outside of a few limited areas where we have clear evidence-based medicine guidelines there is no reliable quantifiable standard for measuring provider quality.