One good example is untyped constants. They form a large extension to the type system only present at compile time. It is a good example because there is an excellent blog post describing them in detail: https://blog.golang.org/constants

In particular note the difference between

    const hello = "Hello, 世界"

and

    const typedHello string = "Hello, 世界"

one of these can be assigned to named string types, the other cannot.

As a user of Go I find untyped constants to be extremely useful. They almost always do what I want without surprise. Implementing them however, is not trivial.

A tricker example is embedding. It adds a lot of complexity to the type system. As a user, it can be a bit surprising, but I admit it is very useful.