Are you implying that Congress isn't part of the Spanish government?

In parliamentary democracies "the government" often refers to the current administration in power. "The current government" means "the current PM and their cabinet". So "the government" tends to mean only the politicians at the top of the executive branch.

Oh my god of course it's not, unless by government you mean something broader than the executive branch, in which case you have to include the judiciary too. The three separate powers is the foundation of western democracies.

This is a US/Euro nomenclature difference I think. In the US "the government" refers to the entire apparatus- all three branches.

I think the US equivalent of the European sense of “government” is “administration”, perhaps?

Yes, a U.S. "administration" is the closest analogy to a "government" in the sense usually used in reference to parliamentary systems when talking about a particular leader's government or a change of government, as opposed to the government of the country ("Europe" is sort of beside the point here, as its more about form of government than geographic location.)

I would say “the executive branch”

The agencies in the executive branch are 99% civil service people, not political appointees, and they don't change over every four years. The administration is the President, the cabinet, and political appointees, so I think that's the equivalent term.

I think that's correct in an academic sense. But in the day-to-day usage, I think Obama's “this administration” lined up pretty well with Cameron's “this government”.

The thing that changes in a change of "government" isn't the whole executive branch -- most parliamentary systems have a well-developed permanent civil service. What changes are the PM, cabinet, and some subordinate political rather than civil service officers. That's pretty much a precise parallel to a U.S. "administration", not the whole of the executive branch.

Yes.

I think the distinction stems from the fact that in France for instance if I want to refer to all three branches I say "l'État", but obviously in the USA "the state" is something different. "Le gouvernement" is only the président and his ministres.

In fact, it’s called the three branches of government. I’m sure what other word would go after “of.”

It's called that in the US. We're talking about Europe.

Most of those countries have roughly the same three branches, don’t they?

Roughly, but the nomenclature is different. It's kind of the opposite of metonymy, it's using the more general word ("government") to refer to the more specific thing (the current set of politicians in power).

No, it doesn’t. It refers to the executive. Whenever we complain about the poor quality of government, (the VA, DMV,) we’re complaining about an organ of the executive (be it federal, state or municipal).

In fact the word govern implies executive.

Er, not in the US. E.G. "those government fat cats in Washington" is more likely to mean the Congress (or at least the Congressmen you don't like) than anything else.

In the US, "the government" refers to all three branches. When we complain about the poor quality of government, we're frequently talking about Congress, too.

And don't forget the buearacrats and government employees. They're certainly lumped in there because they're party of the giant apparatus.

I'm curious now what Europeans call them.

It most certainly isn't, not in Spain, nor in the US or most other democracies.

Separation of powers:

- Legislative (parliament, congress, senate, house of ..., many names - in Spain I think they call it Cortes Generales and it consists of two chambers, a senate and a congress)

- Executive (government)

- Judicial (courts)

This is wrong for the US, but I don't know the Spanish government structure enough to weigh in there.

The US Government is split into three branches, like you mentioned (Legislative, Executive, Judicial). Those three branches are the government. You are erroneously equating government to mean exclusively the executive branch of the government though.