I was thinking of this a couple of days ago when an uninsured person got an estimate of $25,000 for dental surgery. https://twitter.com/ForgetAmnesia/status/912456274532585472 https://twitter.com/ForgetAmnesia/status/912369049958584320 I wonder if the increasing specialization is driving costs up too. If you have fewer patients you might feel pressure to charge each one more instead of admitting that you picked too small a niche.