Yes there is. The primary method of argument is proof.
The barriers to entry are no less difficult from it's absence, but the barriers to accuracy are defiantly lower.
Only in logic, I think. Is there proof in ethics? (which is not to say that I think it is an invalid field of discourse.) One can demand internal consistency in a philosophical argument, but not necessarily proof.
In the interminable squabbles over consciousness and the mind, the physicalists and the dualists each seem to think they have ruled out their opponents' position, but they can't both be right.
Actually, a lot of philosophy is "arguable". I don't think you can argue a lot with a mathematical proof.
And I'm sorry, but when Lacan compare the penis to square root of -1, it's hard to come back to scientists and sell the rigor of philosophy. Same when philosophers use and abuse Gödel's incompleteness theorems or the quantum observer effect to justify ludicrous claims.
Except the most popular abuser of Gödel's conclusions by far is a physicist and mathematician.
Just look at all the retracted papers that have been published. Erratum are surprisingly widespread for such a formal system.
So, their is cases of demonstrated lag between publishing and problems showing up. Therefore in the strictest possible terms, every published result is in some way suspects as they simply have yet to be disproved.
I am in no way suggesting this is some kind of reasonable standard. Just that math is slightly more subjective than often portrayed.
PS: This line of reasoning was simply in response to the suggesting that proof somehow inherently implied accuracy.
The problem is when you confuse what you need to do to succeed with the search for truth.