He didn't lay it himself; he found that AT&T had nearby fiber and paid them to run it to his garage. Then he connects to his customers via antenna.

"Kuykendall now buys Internet service at a bulk rate from AT&T, then beams the connection wirelessly to other homes. Some customers get service free in exchange for hosting Mimosa equipment that relays the signal around corners and over hills to reach more homes."

You have basically two choices: either you get permission to put up your own poles / get permission to hang your cable on somebody else's poles or you get access to the public right of way / get permission from the landowners to dig up / trench / bore your fiber into the ground.

As to the actual mechanics of laying fiber, there are whole industries dedicated to this task. If you want more detail, you'll have to be more precise.