Excellent question. I'm sure this already exists, but if it doesn't it would be fantastic to have an archive with a toy example/challenge similar to Project Euler (https://projecteuler.net/archives) but with more "high level" algorithms with concrete and concise examples. For lack of a better place, this is a good starting point (with examples for each)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_structures

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_algorithms