I remembered it somehow as "clojure doesn't allow you to define fun"
Which isn't saying much.
As an ex-perl dev, (looks at self) shrugs in disbelief!
A lot of them could be inferred from what the code is doing. For example, PHP and Perl are sometimes really hard to distinguish, but I was able to get PHP right by deciding that "this ain't what a Perl hacker would write". Same with Ada v. VHDL.
I feel like this quiz was much more about how much you've dabbled at surface level in various languages, enough or not enough to remember specific details to aid in process of elimination. For example, I knew what GLSL stood for, so the picture was most definitely not GLSL. And I had at one point written Scheme and looked into Lisp enough to guess that it was Clojure and not Lisp. And I remembered vaguely enough that Objective-C still uses C-like pointer notation, for example. And I remembered enough of computer engineering class to immediately identify that the VHDL question's code fit the use case despite not having written a line of VHDL (or Verilog) ever.
On second thoughts, though, I guess there is no need for a JVM language's syntax to resemble Java's (much, anyway). E.g. Jython, JRuby, Groovy, etc.
Of all the languages on there the only one in that set I had never used / seen at all is Kotin and that's the one I got wrong.
Several of them were mandatory for me to learn in college but I haven't seen since. (looking at you, Prolog and Verilog... Verilog is useful but I don't do hardware dev)