While not a natural language, aUI [1] is a conlang (constructed language) that sort of tries to emulate the idea described in the article. Each sound represents a very basic concept (they map to semantic primes [2]), and they're combined to form more complex ideas.

Unfortunately, this leads to nonsensical literal translations like "ONE-QUANTITY-ABOVE-LIFE-TOWARDS" for "banana," but it's still a neat/interesting concept.

[1] https://www.frathwiki.com/AUI

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_primes