Also Bigtable, Spanners predecessor, is not open source too.
> GPS Time is a uniformly counting time scale ... The word "uniformly" is used above to indicate that there are no "leap seconds" in this time system.
> The GPS message contains information that allows a receiver to convert GPS Time into Universal Time
In fact the article you linked corroborates this, because they used GPS time to show how inaccurate NTP servers are.
https://www.febo.com/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/time-nuts (I don't understand a lot discussed there, but many interesting links and info about current deals to be found)
There also are differences between the quality of the timing output of different GPS modules, with some being optimized for timing applications (as opposed to location finding)