Chaos Engineering seems most useful in the context of distributed systems though, and I'm not entirely certain how you would implement it outside of that context.

I would consider applying invalid inputs, etc. to non-distributed systems to be more along the lines of traditional testing. Perhaps you could implement chaos engineering principles in a non-distributed system by simulating the failure of a CPU core or a region of memory? It seems less useful though, as those things seem very difficult to effectively recover from.

How would you define "chaos engineering" to apply to non-distributed systems?