A generic enthusiast can argue that the type safety is a fundamental difference. A dynamic language enthusiast is obviously going to take issue with that. I'll let the two of you fight it out.
From a Haskell perspective, dynamic types and the sort of generics that Java implements are probably closer together than you might think. Haskell expects your "generics" (which are actually the type classes; what haskell calls "generics" is more like what other languages call "reflection") to be able to provide mathematical guarantees like "If I have an A, I am guaranteed to be able to produce a B for that" which is much stronger than what imperative generics tend to be able to guarantee.
Well, the "things that the feature can do" in a dynamic language you can do in Go with interface{}.
It's the one thing you can't do (in Go or a dynamic language) that Generics are all about: type-safe generic code.
So, you'd made the parents case for them...
I have spent most of my programming life in C++, Java, and Prolog (probably in that order). Two years ago I switched to Go for most of my work, because I needed a native language, C++ was just becoming too much effort, and Rust was still changing monthly. I have written some substantial projects in Go, including a neural net natural language parser and a part-of-speech tagger, both used to annotate web corpora.
Since 1.0 has been released I have slowly transitioned into Rust and am now using it for most new work. What I strongly like about Rust above Go: parametric polymorphism (which I do use on a daily basis), limited operator overloading, sum types, RAII, the borrows checker, Cargo, quickcheck [1]. What I strongly dislike compared to Go: compile times.
Deep in my heart, I like ML more than Rust ;), but having a quickly-growing ecosystem is also important.
[1] There is property-based checking for Go, but in my experience it's usefulness grows with the strength of the type system.
If you want a great intro to ML-style statically typed functional programming (without the Haskell-style monads and functors jargon), check out https://www.coursera.org/learn/programming-languages/ . You'll get a lot out of even just going through the (10 minute each) lecture videos, Prof. Dan Grossman is a great explainer and it's a treat finding out the cool syntax, semantics and idioms of an ML language.
But if you really want a "great learning experience", you should look at Haskell or F#.
Finally, if you want your mind blown, learn yourself a Lisp.