In-memory with periodic snapshots sure implies "not durable," though. (That is, you will lose whatever data has not yet been snapshotted on a power failure or crash.) Replication doesn't fix that, unless you're willing to impose the latency of replication to different datacenters for each update. (I don't think Volt even supports this. Most systems don't.)

Why? If a single node fails, you still have the data on 2 other nodes. Nothing is lost. Of course, assuming you have a reliable UPS.

Because the data may not have replicated to the other nodes yet. As the parent comment noted, you could synchronously write to all replica nodes, but thats a big performance penalty and not partition tolerant.

They pay the penalty in latency, not in throughput. That's like no performance penalty at all if you work asynchronously. They make sure that the data cannot become inconsistent between nodes by ordering the transactions. The penalty that comes from this is that latency can become high, i.e. the answer time for individual transactions. While maintaining a maximized throughput of millions of transactions a second. It's like an internal 'pumping rhythm' with tightly synched timestamps.

VoltDB replicates synchronously.

So if your entire data center loses power... If you have any notice (local UPS, etc), you snapshot to disk. If you have no notice, you lose some number of transactions depending on your data size, snapshot frequency and disk speed. Seconds or minutes, but probably not hours.

Future versions of VoltDB will do more address this single-data-center catastrophe scenario.