Cool, thanks for stressing this! I'm fine with not choosing Semver, but a date holds not guarantees on backwards compat, nor any other useful info. But I do get you'd like to version components the same to stress those are meant to be used together.
If you're going to say that, you really should build your packages appropriately. e.g, right now, you have:
$ repoquery -q --provides docker-engine-17.03.0.ce-1.el7.centos docker-engine = 17.03.0.ce-1.el7.centos docker-engine(x86-64) = 17.03.0.ce-1.el7.centos
...compare to, say, python (I've elided a few things for clarity):
$ rpm -q --provides python python = 2.7.5-48.el7 python(abi) = 2.7
If you do something like: Provides: docker(api) = 1.23
... this at least means that folks can depend on/install 'docker(api) > 1.23' or whatever if they actually want to get a specific semantic version.
Docker is a collection of many different components, exposing many different interfaces. Semver in Docker version doesn't make sense for the same reason it doesn't make sense in Ubuntu or Windows.