Women also apply for management at lower rates, though. The whole ecosystem is unbalanced and not in their favor.

I wonder if flatter organizations with broader company decisions made through collaborative online discussion (ie. not face to face) would help? Obviously someone still has to make the call, but at least it lets people put their reasoning out there without dealing with the inefficiencies of meetings and the unequal opportunity they tend to entail for input.

This doesn't have to do with anyone trying to keep women down.

It's a biology thing related to men having more testosterone and being more prone to pursuing promotions due to being more aggressive.

It's like punishing the teacher for only calling upon the people who raise their hands.