Try to find the geometrical underpinning for each topic you learn. This will not only help you visualize what you're learning, but it will also help keep a red thread going as you traverse from topic to topic.
Practice reading journal articles until you can start to understand the notation (this may take a while but persevere, the continual exposure will start building fluency).
Practice implementing the concepts you're learning in Python.
To develop your visual intuition, watch 3Blue1Brown's YouTube channel (he also has an "Elements of Calculus" series coming soon): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYO_jab_esuFRV4b17AJtAw
Try to find the geometrical underpinning for each topic you learn. This will not only help you visualize what you're learning, but it will also help keep a red thread going as you traverse from topic to topic.
After calc, I would study Linear Algebra next since it's at the heart of numerical computing today, see: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13620871 (note the comments, they also include many good pointers and references, e.g. here's a list of video's that help you visualize https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13623711).
The Numberphile channel is always good to keep your mind thinking in numbers: https://www.youtube.com/user/numberphile
Also, you can go through my HN stories profile -- there are a ton of math-related links and discussions in there, such as this one: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13631213
Explore math topics on WikiPedia, YouTube and online lectures from MIT/Stanford/Caltech/Berkeley etc.
Group theory comes up often: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory
Set theory is at the root of everything: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)
Pay close attention to the concept of intervals: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(mathematics)
Practice reading journal articles until you can start to understand the notation (this may take a while but persevere, the continual exposure will start building fluency).
Practice implementing the concepts you're learning in Python.
Ask questions on MathOverflow http://mathoverflow.net. Quora is also good: https://www.quora.com/
Get and read SICP and do the material for the online MIT SICP course (it's the all-time classic CS course, with a math bent): https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-compu...
...the SICP videos are on YouTube too https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLB63C06FAF154F047
Explore and have fun!