I realize this isn't a proper answer to your question, but it reminds of a tweet from Monica Rogati:
"A decade in academia taught me a bunch of sophisticated algorithms; a decade in industry taught me when not to use them."
Source: https://twitter.com/mrogati/status/726115691703619584
I'm finishing up a Ph.D. in engineering (heavy into climate change research, so tons of programming + mathematical + statistical knowledge in addition to combing through TBs of data with R and other languages).
What kinds of problems are frequently present in the data science industry that differs from academic research?