Are you thinking of laws along the lines of biological evolution or physical laws of motion, where very simple ideas can produce extremely complex emergent behavior?

If so I think a layman law of ML is already understood.

To draw an analogy, some programmers might use trial-and-error to produce programs by fiddling with a few lines of code, seeing if it pass more unit tests, repeat.

If you believe that a human brain can be represented by machine code, then given infinite time, that trial-and-error programmer can write down the "source code" of the brain.

Then machine learning is just a "turing complete programming language"(i.e., a neural network architecture) with "source code" (in the form of matrix weights) where "passing more unit tests" is done by numerically following a gradient to update the "source code".

Everything else is just finding a better "programming language" that can make this run very fast on our current machines.