I don't think I'd call what Google does 2-factor authentication. Unless I'm missing some option to change this behavior, it's still 1-factor, but what changes when you enable it is which factor is the fundamentally required one. With it disabled, you have one factor, the password; anyone who gets it can log on. With it enabled, the password is no longer the single factor, but it is also no longer a required factor at all, because the password-reset mechanism goes through the same phone number used for the 2fa SMS pushes. So now the phone (or more specifically, ability to receive SMSs to the saved number) becomes the single factor. To be actual 2fa, someone in possession of only one of the two factors shouldn't be able to override the other factor.

There are obvious reasons Google does it this way, and it is probably a net increase in security, because a phone as a single factor is less often compromised than a password as a single factor. But I don't like calling that particular arrangement 2fa.