Re: 1 and 2, parent was asking for laws. Also, there's no tangible benefits to circumcision in the US (if that's what you were implying). Re: 3, women also receive shorter sentences for same crimes (although the article doesn't mention it, and that's not an explicit legal disadvantage).

1. is extremely ridiculous - reduced risk of cancer - reduced risk of STIs - no difference in sensitivity

I'm at work and don't feel like googling in depth circumcision articles, but "genital integrity" is a ridiculous minimization of the issues faced by women who have actually had their genitals mutilated. If anyone wants to dig up the citations for me, I'd appreciate it. But, this isn't a circumjerk article, so this is as far down the chain as I'll go.

You're misremembering your studies -- women who are sentenced to prison (for felonies) receive roughly the same prison sentences as men. They are however, significantly less likely to be sentenced. But, they are also significantly less likely to commit violent crimes, which you have to take into account in your analysis.

No, you are misremembering your studies.

"Starr's research incorporates disparities found at those earlier stages, and finds that "more disparity is introduced at each phase of the justice process.""

(my emphasis).

https://www.law.umich.edu/newsandinfo/features/Pages/starr_g...

New data seems to draw different conclusions [1], probably because the study you're linking to fails to take into account prior criminal history [2].

[1] http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal-j... [2] http://cjb.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/02/06/009385481456...

Reading helps:

"After controlling for the arrest offense, criminal history, and other prior characteristics, "men receive 63% longer sentences on average than women do," and "[w]omen are…twice as likely to avoid incarceration if convicted." "

Same link as before. My emphasis.

Thanks for the tip, the actual studies cited by the article you link to state:

"Pre-charge characteristics, including arrest offense and criminal history, can explain about 80% of these disparities" [1]

1. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1985377

Reading really, really helps.

Sigh.

The study you linked is titled "Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Charging and Its Sentencing Consequences", says so right at the top, you just have to read it. It is not the study talked about in the press-release I linked to. It is referenced in said press-release as the "previous study" that found racial disparities, which were found to be 6 times smaller than the gender disparities found in the study that the press release is about.

Which is this one:

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2144002

You're right, sorry, I was hasty in reading the linked materials.

Here is another contradictory study [1], along with a link to an ABA article explaining why some differences in sentencing should not only be expected, but potentially encouraged [2].

1. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.... 2. http://www.americanbar.org/publications/criminal_justice_mag...

I was drafted. There exist places outside the US.

    There has not been a draft in 50 years.

There are plenty of countries with draft. And in virtually all of them it's men that have to go, while women can relax.