Best thing is to probably search around for "Synthetic Training"

Here are two examples of some of the research done in this area:

http://www.cv-foundation.org/openaccess/content_iccv_2015/pa...

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1503.03163.pdf

I created a project https://github.com/qiuwch/synthetic-computer-vision trying to summarize works that used synthetic data for computer vision. Might be worth to have a look.

You might want to add the ICL-NUIM dataset for SLAM/Visual Odometers: https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~ahanda/VaFRIC/iclnuim.html