In the US one ordinarily votes at one's precinct. How far that is depends on the jurisdiction. In Washington, DC, it is about a kilometer from my house. In suburban Maryland, with slightly lower population density, it was about two kilometers.

It would be less practical here to let you vote near work rather than home, for there are many minor political offices that cover a small district. In the first few hundred meters on the way to work, I cross from Ward 4 into Ward 1. I couldn't tell you how many Advisory Neighborhood Commission districts I would pass through.

. Early voting and vote by mail have been greatly expanded in the US over the last couple of decades. I believe that Oregon uses voting by mail exclusively now.

That really varies by jurisdiction. Currently, I'm encouraged to vote at a particular place, but if I wanted to vote somewhere else in the county I could. ISTR some cities I've lived didn't even assign a particular place, so I just voted where it was convenient. One probably couldn't get a ballot for city elections, in some other city.