It depends on a lot of factors, your nationality (us citizens don't have much choice), if you have have family and if your husband/wife works and how many months you spend in the country you live in. It's actually very complex and the best is to see accountant/tax advisors from the country of the company you work for, from the same country as your nationality and from the country you are currently living in.

For digital nomads, it adds even more complexity since it's a bit of a grey area.

I pay no taxes.

There are no taxes on foreign generated income here (Colombia).

However I cannot bring over $10k a year through the financial system without being hit with a 3% financial transaction tax.

Fortunately it is easy to legally elude that tax, paying for everything with a foreign-issued card does the trick. And every once in a while a quick shopping weekend abroad with the girlfriend is a good way to bring a new laptop and $9999 x 2 in cash.

Most of the time, you pay taxes in the country where you render or actually perform the services. In your sample case, Thailand.

If you're a US citizen then you file taxes and pay them on income over ~100k, regardless of your physical location or company's HQ. The US is one of the only countries that requires expats to pay taxes.

That doesn't mean you don't have to file and pay taxes in the place where you are living.

No duh you say, but people have posted in HN threads like this one about how they just have their income payed into a US bank account, so they aren't earning any money in the other country.