The reason for shorter cache periods for CSS is that Google are continually making improvements. The font files are different e.g. for Mac vs Windows because they are optimized for platforms.
In general you will find that all URLs that are directly called from millions of websites (e.g. facebook SDK, Google Analytics snippet) have short TTLs. Makes sense when you think about it -- 3rd parties providing these resources need a way to stay agile and ship new versions without forcing millions of websites to upgrade their code.
I don't see it, not with curl at least.
Looks like actual fonts are cached for a year.
But not CSS,
> curl https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans -i
expires:Tue, 14 Jun 2016 19:02:03 GMT
date:Tue, 14 Jun 2016 19:02:03 GMT
At the very least they should allow to control that with another query parameter.
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29091014/how-do-i-levera...
Why disallow caching? Unless I'm misunderstanding something.