In addition, CoreOS has its own version of a docker-like thing called rocket https://coreos.com/blog/rocket/
I personally found this blog post a bit of a a-ha moment in terms of understanding what docker is vs. CoreOS (and, at the time I was also researching what kubernetes is and how to run it)
PS: the above is a very summarized, focused answer to your question. CoreOS is also much more than what I have mentioned.