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Re:FlingOS: An educational operating system by kaushiks on Saturday January 02, 2016 @03:57AM (#10825594)
Microsoft's research OS was called Singularity [1] and the C# compiler (that compiled to native code) Bartok [2].

[1] http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/singularity/ [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartok_(compiler)

Re:FlingOS: An educational operating system by michel-slm on Saturday January 02, 2016 @06:41AM (#10825902)
Singularity was later extended by the joint MS-MSR project Midori, which sadly was discontinued last year. Apparently some features are being incorporated into C#.

Joe Duffy is blogging about his experience: http://joeduffyblog.com/2015/11/03/blogging-about-midori/