Really any remote file protocol can do this. The difference is that OS X bundles software to mount webdav servers without any fancy configuration. On Linux virtually any protocol for managing remote files has a FUSE implementation that lets you treat them like files on your own system. Most of these should compile just fine on OS X but no one uses them because people have gotten used to the far-worse option of a lot of apps having built-in support for several file-transfer protocols, and then having a basic client application for manually transfering files for applications without built-in support.