If we look at how people currently share links in social media then url shorterners are very common in use. That would point towards either local or centralized services providing the share-ability of links which would translate between a local address and a global name which may simply be a hash string. There are also QR codes and magnet links which neither rely on a domain name service to operate, but which are used by people to share the address identification for a resource.

They are not trivial solutions to the problem, but the fact that they are in use makes its plausible that a solution can be found.

The hyperlink URL text could contain a secure hash of the gimp.org home page. Or a revision number and the hash of a public key used to sign gimp.org home page revisions. Or of a document containing three public keys, the majority of which need to sign a home page revision for it to be considered a valid value for the link. Or, as in onion services, the hash of the public key of the server hosting the document, along with a document path to send to that server when you manage to reach them. Or a name unique within a certain namespace, and a public key used to sign new versions of the document listing the name-hash mappings for the latest version of the namespace. And maybe a list of IPv4:port pairs to contact to ask for the document. Or the name of a decentralized pub-sub channel where versions of the page are periodically announced — maybe the Bitcoin blockchain. There are lots of possibilities.

"The hyperlink URL text could contain a secure hash of the gimp.org home page. Or a revision number and the hash of a public key used to sign gimp.org home page revisions."

That would help to make sure you got the right page, but wouldn't help you find it.

Your other suggestions (e.g. a list of IP addresses/ports) are basically just reimplementing DNS, but with more complexity. :-)

With more or less complexity (although that statement makes me suspect you’ve never administered BIND) — but with different failure characteristics! And hopefully better ones.