probabils

Alibaba? They have a bunch of X-ray machines, the smallest one:

https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/New-Arrival-Portable-...

How can it get an image without a detector or something on the other side of the object? Is it just capturing reflected back x-rays?

Well, if this stuff was easy to understand, we wouldn't be having a crisis because of it, would we?

Probability is highly non-intuitive (kind of like quantum mechanics), so most people (including scientists) don't understand it and just memorize "protocols" and "formulas" and "p-value stuff".

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00031305.2018.1...

Yes, it answers your question.

What you call "p-value" is a sample from the "p-value distribution" of your experiment.

Taleb shows you can sample a p-value of 0.05 when the actual "true" p-value is 0.12.

Nasim Taleb wrote extensively on this.

> P-values are shown to be extremely skewed and volatile, regardless of the sample size n, and vary greatly across repetitions of exactly same protocols under identical stochastic copies of the phenomenon; such volatility makes the minimum p value diverge significantly from the "true" one. Setting the power is shown to offer little remedy unless sample size is increased markedly or the p-value is lowered by at least one order of magnitude.

https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.07532

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qrfSh07rT0