jaguar1878

Generally the x um or y nm of a process refers to transistor dimensions (typically gate length), not metal. Minimum metal pitch is still a key dimension for the ability to build useful structures though, so advances like these are very useful.

No, you want to compare Watts, not Volts, as Watts measures power and Volts is just potential.

A 15A 110V outlet can supply 1500W continuous (1.5kW). A 4kW DC charger is almost three times higher power than this.

If a battery is internally a set of connected cells, then as a battery designer you have the choice of wiring the cells in series or parallel. Need more voltage: series. Need more mAh: parallel. Cell 'quality' is a vague term since some applications may care more about discharge rates or operating temperature range than total capacity.

Usually though, batteries are designed with a particular application in mind and that application will define a voltage that is acceptable, such as ~3.8V for phones or ~19V for laptops. Significantly above this would damage the device. Likewise, below that voltage and the device doesn't function. This is why mAh is a decent proxy for Wh; for a given application the voltage is fixed and so the conversion - for that application - is fixed. mAh for a given application can be compared easily.

Comparing batteries for different applications is harder, but not just because you have to convert mAh to Wh: different applications require different performance characteristics beyond just voltage. You might care about weight, physical dimensions, operating temperatures, discharge rates, charge rates, self-discharge rates, output impedance.

We use a Roku with an LG OLED, mostly to avoid connecting the TV to the internet. Turns out if you use the HDMI ARC for audio (we connected to a soundbar) and everything in the chain is new enough, then the Roku remote volume buttons will adjust the soundbar volume just fine. Roku remote can also turn the TV on and off, so we don't need the LG remote now except to change to a different input.

You're right that the collector and emitter are not identical in size nor geometry nor surface area bordering the base. There's a nice cross-section about three-quarters of the way down this page[1] that shows the basic layout for a BJT. As to why we fabricate them as nested wells instead of side-by-side rectangles, I believe it is to maximize junction area relative to die area. These layers are exceedingly thin, so almost all of the junction is top-to-bottom, not side-to-side.

1. http://www.circuitstoday.com/monolithic-ic#monolithic-fabric...

In case you weren't aware, the US also pursued nuclear powered airplanes[1] with actual test units built. They're still sitting out there in Idaho a few miles off the highway and you can visit certain times of the year. Reading the placards (or the wiki) honestly scares me a bit, despite my thought that nuclear power makes a lot of sense for our energy needs. I don't love the idea of 500mph reactors up above me, even with modern airplane safety records.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion

I think it has more to do with design rules for metal layers. Between the rules for: min area, max area, min density, max density, and density gradient it can be tough to get artwork to be manufacturable, even if you have the space for it. No one wants to risk poor yields because of the art.

As others have noted, the IRS doesn't know everything, and some things may be to your advantage to report to them. They could send you a bill and ask you to fix it, but many people wouldn't know where to look to find mistakes.

For example: RSUs and NQSOs (employee stock grants) are in my experience handled extremely poorly by default. If I have RSUs vest when the stock is worth $10 a share, then I pay income tax that year based on income of ($10 x share-count). If I sell those shares later on, my brokerage reports to the IRS either: unknown basis value or $0 basis value. The correct basis value is $10 per share. There's a spot in the tax forms where you can tell the IRS that you have the corrected basis, but if you don't do this, you will pay extra tax, and it's an easy one to miss, especially if you're just importing the 1099-B.

At tax time my brokerage does send me additional forms beyond the 1099-B that include the corrected basis values, so its not that they don't know the right value, they just don't give it to the IRS directly. I assume this is due to IRS/congress rules and not my brokerage being obnoxious.

How does this work with sites that have absurdly strict password requirements? i.e. 8-16 characters, 3+ letters (1+ of which is upper case), 2+ numbers, 1+ special characters (from their curated list only!) I've seen a few financial related sites have requirements like these, and with a typical password generator I can just click 'generate' until one pops out that meets the reqs, and save it.

Yes. And for many other reasons.

Some luxury brands intentionally limit production of popular items and only sell them to their best customers. Since everyone wants the limited things, they buy lots of the lower tier, unlimited stuff to become a VIP customer and get offered a slot to buy a limited item. Ferrari is famous for limiting sales of their highest end cars to certain clients. High end hand bag producers limit sales of their most popular models to approved clients only. High end watches are similar as well.

If you can't afford all the extra stuff you had to buy along the way, you can try to resell it and get some of the cash back. If you need more cash, you can resell the limited availability items as well, often for a significant profit over the MSRP, even after the middleman's cut.

Fashionphile, The Real Real, Ann's Fabulous Finds, Yugi's Closet are all active companies in this space.

You may find this interesting: https://docs.oracle.com/en/graalvm/enterprise/21/docs/exampl...

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Taxes are hugely complicated because they are trying to do two different things at the same time: combat inflation and enact policy.

If we just printed dollars to pay for all gov expenses, we would probably have a lot of inflation. Inflation hits all holders of dollars equally (on a percentage basis). Taxes allow us to spread the burden of shared costs (like infrastructure) in a different way.

Additionally, taxes act as a feedback mechanism on behavior. We can incentivize some things by giving tax credits for doing them, and we can disincentivize other things by charging higher taxes on them.

Balancing these two effects of taxes: inflation and policy, is hard. If the gov. wants to encourage everyone to buy an electric vehicle, we could give a big tax incentive to do so, but that reduces overall taxes, which means more inflation. To combat this, we have to print fewer new dollars or increase taxes somewhere else.

This is one of the big challenges for the Federal Reserve, they don't get to pick how much tax is collected, just how many new dollars are printed. If congress doesn't collect enough tax, there's only so much the Fed can do to balance things.

AskHistorians on reddit has put this very question into their "very frequently asked questions" due to its popularity, and there's a decent number of answers describing why its a myth:

https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/7b8jea/is_it...

https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2bewpo/what_...

If you want a bit of reading: https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2019/11/06/early-te...

Typically the States each also have their own State Constitution. In this case, Texas could have amended their own State Constitution to say something akin to 'The State of Texas shall not impose a tax on the incomes of its residents'.

Power consumption and package pinout/motherboard simplification would be the main two benefits.

Latency in DRAM access is dominated by the controller logic on the CPU side (minority) and the bank access and amplification circuitry on the DRAM side (majority). Time of flight down the wires is fairly negligible.

Power draw for the interface does scale meaningfully with wire length though. Also, routing the 100+ signals (command, address, data, reference voltages) can be a challenge, especially if the package is constrained on pin count.

The tradeoff is that maximum RAM capacity is significantly reduced. Die can be thinned and stacked quite high, but the need to share command, address, data busses means signal integrity problems and increased power for the interface with no performance increase. Stacking die has yield issues as well, so cost rises faster than linear. And finally, power dissipation becomes a real issue, DRAM doesn't like getting too hot and the bottom of that stack is a long way from the heatsink.