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That's a result of technology, not trade policy. Not only that, but I can't think of rising, developing countries that have free trade policies. Brazil, China, and the rest are all protectionist. Further, the the notion is that we in the US have benefited from free trade.

So the answer is none of the above.

According to who?

>on the whole we have benefited from trade deals

Despite the amount of rhetoric I see claiming this, I have yet to see any empirical evidence.