FooBadDev

Wouldn't using Koltin or Scala, which benefit from the engineering effort of JVM and arguably its ecosystem solve this problem ? (Since NULL is not idiomatic in either language)

For developers in some countries, that's half their monthly income. Please don't think from only a US perspective.

Shouldn't that be job of a consumer protection body ? Banks should not be in operating in law enforcement domain / be deciding what's right or wrong.

My understanding is most chargebacks are for fraudulent transactions, which were not authorized by the card owner.

So consensus largely is - probability of fraud is higher in adult entertainment business, downstream processors either charge exorbitant fees or altogether refuse to accept such payments, to mitigate having to deal with chargebacks.

My question is, Why is chargebacks still a thing ? Why hasn't the US adopted 2F Auth for payments ?

With advent of smart phones we can have reliable identification based on two factor authentication, by sending a text message to mobile number registered with the bank, or even go further with text + fingerprint / text + password. The odds of fraud with such system would be minuscule.

Is there any reason apart from banks being greedy and the government being hand in glove with them ?

Please do look outside US market. In India two factor authentication via a text message to bank registered mobile number of the customer is mandated by law. Chargebacks here are virtually unheard of, probably most customers here don't even know what a 'chargeback' is.

The US is keeping its banking system primitive intentionally, as the government is hand in glove with greedy banks. Sending money whether to a business or an individual is free in India, for both parties.

Can you please elaborate on how someone who is currently IT Staff become a true software engineer ? Apart from work experience alone, because that would be a chicken and egg problem.

Which country would you recommend a skilled immigrant go to in present day ?