I think you could describe the main alternative as 'institutionally mandated thinking' which ironically tends to be the approach used by school systems.

The main alternative is obviously emotional thinking, or "motivated reasoning." It is a factor in every decision made by anyone about anything, and has far greater reach than whatever bugbear you're pointing to here.

in addition to making a good point, you also provide an excellent example

Illogically.

What does that means?